NJRSF Abstracts, 2004

BIOCHEMISTRY

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

BOTANY and ZOOLOGY

CHEMISTRY

ENVIRONMENTAL and EARTH SCIENCE

ENGINEERING

MICROBIOLOGY

MATHEMATICS and COMPUTERS

MEDICINE and HEALTH

PHYSICS

BIOCHEMISTRY

The Purification and Characterization of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-like Antibody

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has significant neurotrophic and mitogenic functions. Earlier studies have found a naturally occurring bFGF-like autoantibody in the serum of patients with various cancers of the endocrine system, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and prolactinoma. This antibody was found to mimic the growth-promoting effects of bFGF. In the current study, the antibody underwent further purification by the running of protein-A-eluted active fractions from patient plasma through hydroxyapatite (HA) columns and subsequently through anti-bFGF immunoaffinity columns. Mass spectroscopy of one active purified fraction demonstrated apparent molecular weight peaks corresponding only to heavy and light chains of IgG and its various subunits, proving that an antibody was causing the observed activity. Overall, the antibody was purified at least 50-fold from the pool of IgG originally found in the protein-A eluate fraction from serum.

Screening for Binding Mutants of Protein A and IgG1 Fc

The purpose of this research was to find mutations of the EZZ pGAD424 that encode molecules that bind to molecules encoded for mutations of IgG1 Fc pGBT9.Kan, but do not bind to wild type IgG1 Fc. These mutant EZZ/IgG1 Fc pairs would be useful for the simultaneous purification of multiple proteins. Both mutated and wild type plasmids were transformed into yeast. Several reverse two-hybrid and standard two-hybrid screens were performed to select for mutations with the desired binding capabilities, as well as an assay for beta-galactosidase activity to determine binding strength. Four mutant EZZ/mutant IgG Fc pairs showed strong binding but these four mutant EZZ’s appeared to bind very weakly to wild type IgG1 Fc. At this point, these four pairs are the only ones found that may potentially be used for improved protein purification.

Sequencing and Analyzing the Unknown Genome of Caernorhabditis remanei

The genome of $Caernorhabditis " " Remanei$ has not been determined. Knowledge of the $C. remanei$ genome would enhance understanding of the $C.elegans$ genome, a major model organism for biomedical and fundamental biological research. The object of this investigation was to sequence the $C. remanei genome$, identify genes, and determine their importance. Clones containing DNA fragments from $C. remanei$ were isolated and sequenced. Utilizing bioinformatics databases, the $C. remanei$ sequences were compared to sequences in $C. elegans$, $C.briggsae$, and other higher eukaryotes for analysis. In addition, $C. remanei$ double-stranded RNA was introduced into $C. elegans$. Double-stranded RNA degrades homologous mRNA inhibiting gene expression. $C.elegans$ genes inhibited by $C. remanei$ double-stranded RNA reflect shared genes (shared genes are likely to be essential genes). Results showed one $C. remanei$ DNA fragment matched a portion of a $C. elegans$ gene with an 81% identity and a 1.9e-15 expect value and a $C. briggsae$ DNA with an 81% identity and a 1.8e-18 expect value. The amino acid sequences matched with a 100% identity and an 8e-26 to $C. briggsae$ and a 98% identity and a 2e-25 expect value to $C. elegans$. This target gene codes for Sax-7, a gene involved in germ line development, embryonic morphogenesis and gonadal morphogenesis. Found in humans as a neuronal cell adhesion molecule, when mutated it expresses several nerve disorders. Continued investigation of the $C. remanei$ genome should yield more positive results.

Isolation of Mouse and Characterization of Mouse and Human PDE4D9 isoform

Cyclic AMP, a transient signal, is one of the three major classes of secondary messengers found within cells. They transduce and amplify the strength of a signal sent to the cell. PDE4, a Phosphodiesterase family, specifically degrades cyclic-AMP to AMP, thereby regulating the cAMP level in the cell. There are four subtypes of PDE4: A, B, C, and D. This project was designed to clone the novel PDE4D9 isoform from mouse and test the mouse and human isoforms’ enzymatic activities on the hydrolysis of cAMP. The PDE4D9 isoform was isolated from mouse spleen cDNA library by PCR, inserted into pcDNA3.1 vectors, and then transformed into E. coli. The colonies containing PDE4D9 cDNA were amplified and the resulting plasmids were digested with restriction enzymes to check the orientation of the cDNA. The plasmids with the cDNA in the right orientation were sequenced. The mouse PDE4D9 is of 678 amino acids long and shows 98.1% and 99% protein identity with human and rat PDE4D9 respectively. To test the enzyme activity, the plasmids containing mouse PDE4D9 or human PDE4D9 were transfected into quail muscle cells (QM7) to overexpress the protein. The vector-only was transfected as the negative control. Titration curves for the enzymatic activities on the hydrolysis (degradation) of cAMP showed similar levels between the mouse and human proteins, which were both significantly different from the negative control activity. Another enzyme activity assay, the rolipram-inhibition assay, showed that this particular isoform responded well to a PDE4 specific repression drug. In summary, PDE4D9 behaves like other known PDE4 isoforms. It hydrolyzes cAMP and is inhibited by rolipram. Depending on its expression pattern, PDE4D9 could contribute to the regulation of cAMP levels in certain tissues or cells where it is expressed.

Analyzing Genes Involved in the Dauer Pathway of C.elegans

In Dr.Patterson's lab of Rutgers University, mirco-array analysis of gene expression was used to identify genes that are directly or indirectly regulated as a consequence of TGF-beta signaling during the dauer formation process in $Caernorhabditis elegans$. Of the 1200 found, TO5A.4, ZK355.6, F14DZ.6, T11F1.6, and ZK335.5 were selected to analyze their involvement in the formation of the dauer state. The dauer formation pathway in $C.elegans$ involves an important group of chemosensory neurons that measure food and competition for resources. Scarce food, high temperature, and high pheromone levels promote dauer formation. This is important becasue while in the dauer state the worms are considered non-aging. An RNAi feeding method was used to investigate TO5A.4, ZK355.6, F14DZ.6, T11F1.6, and ZK335.5 and determine their involvement in the formation of the dauer state by comparing them to already known pathway regulation genes. TO5A.4, ZK355.6, and F14DZ.6, have not shown a direct involvement in the dauer pathway. However, they could still play an indirect role in the dauer pathway.

The Effect of Bt Genes on Solanum Melogena (Eggplant) Growth and Yields

The purpose of this research was to observe whether bioengineered (Bt) eggplants grow at a different rate and have different yields compared to those of control eggplants. Twenty seeds of both the Bt and control eggplants were planted. Height measurements, anthesis data and fruit measurements were taken. Samples were subject to gel electrophoresis to verify that the Bt eggplants had the Bt gene present in the tissue. Statistical analysis (t-tests) showed that control plants grew and reached maturity faster. They also had larger fruit. It was found that, in this experiment, Bt eggplants grew at a slower rate than control eggplants

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

Is Inappropriate Backpack Use Causing Back Pain?

The purpose of this research was to determine if school, children are suffering from back pain due to inappropriate use of backpacks. Sixty-four children in grades five through eight as well as their backpacks were weighed. They were asked if the carried the bag using one or two shoulder straps. Students were asked if they suffered from back pain. Results showed that over half of the students carried a backpack that was greater than or equal to 10% of their body weight. More than half suffered some type of pain. It was found that there was a strong possibility that children suffered back pain because their backpacks were too heavy or because they carried them inappropriately.

Effect of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine on Speed of Neurological Interval Timer

It is theorized that onset of event lasting familiar amount of time induces subset of cortical nerve cells (normally firing at different rates) to momentarily act in unison before resuming to individual firing rates (Gibbon 2001). When interval ends, pattern of cortical nerve cells is stored. If this theory is accurate, then caffeine (which increases dopamine , accelerating cortical firing rates) should make external time seem to expand (Wright 2002). After listening to 3 sounds of various time lengths, participants are tested on accurately recalling sound durations by listening to the sounds and tapping a key when they remember them to end. The process is repeated, accompanied now by administration of soda (decaffeinated—Control Group, caffeinated—Experimental Group) before participants are tested again. For 1st test, groups yield statistically similar results (p = 0.05). For 2nd test, groups yield statistically different results (p = 0.05): there is shorter duration between start of sounds and moment key is pressed for Experimental than Control. When time perception inaccuracy is established due to caffeine intake, each average disparity is more precisely proportional to sound lengths due to facilitation of cortical firing processes. Caffeine’s tendency to shorten reaction time now may be result of ability to accelerate interval timer. Interval timer is now more likely to be located in basal ganglia, where dopamine is produced. Damage to interval timer now may be factor in cerebral disorders centered at basal ganglia (e.g. Parkinson’s Disease).

Effects of Playing Video Games on Hand-Eye Coordination

A recent study published in Nature tested the effect of action video game playing on visual skills.* The study found that male subjects aged 18-23 who regularly played action video games displayed improved visual skills over those who rarely played. To further the investigation of the effects of video game playing, I conducted an experiment to determine whether video game playing might be correlated with improved hand-eye coordination. I tested this by administering two validated eye-hand coordination tests to 47 males and females aged 11-20, including both video game players and non-gamers. The first test, the Tapping Test, measured motor skills and dexterity using the non-dominant hand. The average scores on this test were the same for all categories of gamers (i.e., non-gamers, light, moderate and heavy gamers), suggesting no effect on these skills. The second test, the Reaction Time Test, measured reaction time using both hands. The average scores on this test were inconclusive -- they varied widely and showed no correlation between improved reaction time and video game playing frequency. * C. Shawn Green, Daphne Baveller, “Action Video Game Modifies Visual Selective Attention,” Nature, 423:534 (May 29, 2003).

Whats a Good Password?

The goal of this project is to analyze the efficiency of passwords within the computer field. People are utilizing the internet for more and more things that require increased security and passwords are the first barrier between their data and a hacker. In their present forms passwords are single words generated from the various characters on the keyboard. Research was taken from various places in order to find out how people regularly choose passwords and also how hackers break those passwords. Finding a balance between security and usability is the keystone of passwords, and all security problems. Passwords more secure full sentences due to their large character variation and were found to be the more usable than cryptic single worded passwords due to their pattern of grammar.

Cucumber Peels and Bay Leaves as Natural Ant Deterrents

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of a natural ant deterrent using cucumber peels and bay leaves. Nine combinations of the deterrents were placed in nine separate boxes with ants on one side of a barrier. The substances used were fresh, wet and dried cucumber peels and fresh, wet and dried bay leaves, as well as juice from cucumber peels and from bay leaves and a combination of both. Results showed that fresh cucumber peels and juice worked best to deter the ants.

The Effects of Reaction Time on Humans

The purpose of my research is to establish if reaction time is inherited from parent to child and to determine if there are certain factors such as sex or age that would affect the how reaction time is passed through the generations. Subjects will be asked to fill out a survey will possible factors that could affect reaction time and then they will be asked to take a simple reaction time test. The data collected will then be used to determine what factors if any affect how reaction time is passed from parents to their offspring.

Improved Toy Safety

In my project I used two different toys for the purposes of improved safety by taking measures to lower the odds of choking for children. I made multiple variations of these toys or toy parts. The first toy was candy building blocks. The second version of these blocks had the product "Thumb" added to it. Thumb is a product used to discourage children from sucking their thumbs. The concept was that children will never keep the toy in their mouth if it tastes terrible. The child will likely not put the toy in their mouth a second time after discovering that it tastes terrible the first time. The second object was buttons for toys. There were three different types of corn starch buttons. The first were buttons made out of cornstarch. The second type of button was a corn starch button painted with Thumb. The third type had beeswax on it to make it more wear and tear proof but still retain its safety if ingested.

Examining effects of personal digital assistant usage on academic achievement

Research during the past decade suggests a positive correlation exists between the use of laptop technology and the academic performance of the student users. Analogies have been made between laptops and the mobile computer devices known as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). This project tested to see if a correlation existed between PDA use and academic achievement. The hypothesis was that there would be a positive correlation between PDA use and academic achievement when compared to non-PDA using students. The research randomly selected ten students from the Millburn High School class of 2006 for observation. These students were given Pocket PCs loaded with a variety of productivity software and usage tracking software. The students’ academic achievement, as measured by grade point average, was observed for a five month period and then compared to the population of non-PDA using students. This process was repeated twice in the one year period of study. A positive correlation was found between the PDA using students and the academic achievement when compared to the non-PDA using students. Future direction of this research includes repeating the current procedures and incorporating a test of student attitudes into the study.

BOTANY and ZOOLOGY

A Botanical and Taxonomic Study of Trees

The purpose of this research was to identify the trees on the property of the researcher’s high school. A map was drawn of the property showing the positions of the trees. Photographs were taken of the leaves and used to identify the trees with botanical and common names. Seventy-nine trees in nineteen species were found on the property.

The Correlation Between Stomata Density and Leaf Position

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the difference in the densities of stomata in leaves from three major climates based on the position of each leaf on the individual plant. Since stomata are the gateways through which gases necessary for photosynthesis enter and leave the leaf, it was hypothesized that leaves receiving direct sunlight would have a higher density of stomata in order to make the most of this additional energy. Different climates vary in average precipitation and temperature, which would require plants to adapt differently to regulate the amount of water that their stomata transpire. During the course of this experiment, leaves were collected from three species of plants found in temperate, tropical, and desert climates respectively: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), and crown of thorns (Euphorbia splendens). Half of the leaves collected received full sunlight, while the other half were shaded by the rest of the plant. The undersides of these leaves were then painted with a thick square of nail polish. After the polish dried enough to be tacky, it was picked up off the lower surface of the leaf with clear packing tape. These imprints were viewed under a light microscope at 400x power. After a statistical analysis of the data, it was found that the physiological differences between the densities of stomata in leaves located in different locations of the plants are highly unlikely to be caused by chance alone. Interestingly, the sugar maple and hibiscus leaves supported the hypothesis (p< .001), yet the crown of thorns leaves showed the opposite condition (p<.002). Their lower leaves contain a greater density of stomata, which might be an adaptive advantage for a plant that must contend with the hot desert sun.

Acquired growth in gibberellin-deficient plants is not inheritable.

BACKGROUND: Can changes acquired in an individual’s lifetime be transmitted genetically to future generations? While we now know that this is not true, what are the experimental tests that disprove this theory? OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that acquired growth in plants is not inheritable. METHODS: Seeds from Brassica rapa wild type (WT) and rosette (ros; homozygous recessive dwarf mutant deficient in giberrellin) strains were planted. One-half of the ros seedlings were treated with gibberellic acid (GA: 100 ppm) on Day 7. Plant growth was measured periodically. Seeds from the pods from each group (WT, ros, ros+GA) were collected and planted separately. Growth of seedlings was measured. RESULTS: The mean heights of WT, ros and ros+GA seedlings on Day 27 were 203.3 mm, 69.7 mm and 227.3 mm, respectively. The ros+GA plants were 3.3-fold taller than the ros plants. In the 2nd set of experiments, plants that grew from the seeds collected from the WT, ros and ros+GA pods were 264.8 mm, 54.5 mm and 70.8 mm on Day 31. Plants from the ros+GA seeds were similar in height to the plants from the ros seeds, and were just 0.27-fold as tall as the plants from the WT seeds. DISCUSSION: Treatment of gibberellin-deficient ros mutants with GA induced growth that equaled the height of WT plants. Seeds collected from these GA-treated plants and grown, however, remained short (similar in height to ros plant). Thus the increased growth induced by GA is an acquired phenotypic trait that is not genetically inheritable.

The Effects of Temperature and Concentration of Wastewater on the Growth of Bean Plants

The Effects of Temperature and Concentration of Wastewater on the Growth of Bean Plants The purpose of this research was to determine if the temperature or concentration of wastewater would affect the growth of common bean plants. In the first trial, 21 bean plants were divided into groups and watered with warm, cool or room temperature wastewater, respectively. In the second trial, plants were watered with various concentrations of wastewater. Plant height, leaf width and length and number of leaves were recorded. T-tests showed that plants watered with room temperature wastewater grew significantly taller than those watered with cool wastewater. Concentration of wastewater did not have a similar effect. It was found that temperature of the wastewater affected the growth of the plants but concentration did not.

Effectiveness of Blood Chemistry Panels in Diagnosing Veterinary Patients

Effectiveness of Blood Chemistry Panels in Diagnosing Veterinary Patients Blood chemistry panel results in a small animal veterinary practice were studied. The purpose was to determine the effectiveness of these test results in directly contributing to patient diagnoses. This way, the veterinarians and animal owners could better decide how worthwhile it is to run these tests. The result of each blood chemistry panel run in the clinic over a period of several months was analyzed. Abnormal results were highlighted, and a possible diagnosis for each patient was construed solely from the test data. Then, the medical file of the patient was studied. The final diagnosis made by the patient’s veterinarian based on several factors (such as physical examination, medical history, and additional tests) was compared with the blood chemistry panel-based diagnosis. It was determined whether the results of each panel contributed directly to the patient’s final diagnosis, did not contribute to the diagnosis, or actively deterred the veterinarian from correctly diagnosing the patient. At the completion of the study, it was clear that blood chemistry panel results are very useful in directly contributing to the final diagnosis of the patient. However, for optimum accuracy, it is imperative that the test results be considered in conjunction with a physical exam and medical history of the patient.

The Attraction of Fireflies to Specific Plants and Shrubs

The Attraction of Fireflies to Specific Plants and Shrubs The purpose of this research was to determine the vegetation to which fireflies are attracted. Fireflies were counted in three different environments on 14 occasions each and vegetation was collected from each area for identification and comparison. Results showed that fireflies are most active in areas where there are open spaces like grassy lawns or open fields. It was found that fireflies are attracted to plants found in environments with open areas to plants that are low to the ground.

The Induction of Heat Shock Protein in Rotifers

The purpose of this experiment is to verify whether rotifers can produce heat shock proteins, which chaperone the proper functioning of a cell’s proteins. They are induced when a cell encounters environmental stressors such as temperature change and oxygen deprivation. Heat was the stressor used in this experiment. I exposed the rotifers to sub-lethal and then lethal temperatures, allowing one hour in between for the organisms to undergo HSP synthesis. The results show that the rotifers were able to produce these proteins, aiding their survival.

The Effects of Different Composts on Cherry Bell Radish Plants

Compost benefits of organic matter to soils and crops are well established. However, few commercial growers add organic matter because of lack of availability and costs of handling. As the need to reduce the amount of wastes added to landfills increases, many municipalities and private companies are beginning to produce large amounts of compost from organic wastes from cities and farms. But the question many agriculturalists form is that “which compost benefits the plants the most?” The researchers will test this question by comparing home-based organic compounds, which are easily accessible to the chemically based composts. This in turn could lead to the observation of the different compounds involved with the composts. The project will be designed and tested on Cherry bell radish plants, which will be divided into four groups – control, composts comprising of organic materials (potato peels, onion peels and carrot peels), compost comprising of tea and lastly the miracle grow fertilizer. The plants will be tested on their height, leaves, color, number and thickness of stem. Having better nutrient values, the group consisting of organic compost is predicted to have the best overall results. If that hypothesis is accepted, organic compounds can be proven better, cheap and easily acquirable.

The Effect of Different Sources of Light on Plants

Since my childhood I could always remember trying to grow my own plants, but of course I was unsuccessful most of the time. I would plant the seeds and put them outside and inside but never under artificial light, but finally now that I have the opportunity to test something like this I am glad to do it. I first chose to compare the effect of growing plants under both artificial and natural light to see which grows better with the same conditions that I set. The results that I received were quite interesting.

Increasing the Chlorophyll Content of Plants

The purpose of this research is to see if growing plants in a magnesium-rich environment can increase their chlorophyll content. The chlorophyll molecule consists of a central magnesium ion bound to four nitrogen atoms in four porphyrin rings. Three different methods were tried: hydroponics, watering the plants with 0.05 M solutions of magnesium, and growing the plants in a magnesium salt enriched environment. The three magnesium salts used were magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, and magnesium sulfate. The plants used were Alaskan pea plants and cucumber plants. The chlorophyll was analyzed using a visible spectrophotometer and a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. No plants germinated using hydroponics. Both the 0.05 M and 0.01 M solutions of the magnesium salts proved to be toxic to the plants. In the 0.05 M trials no seeds germinated and in the 0.01 M trials the plants died shortly after germination. Only when seeds were grown in water did they germinate. There was a moderate increase in the chlorophyll content when the plants were watered with 0.05 M solutions of the magnesium salts. Again, the magnesium proved to be toxic to the cucumber plants, but the Alaskan pea plants grew. The cucumber pea plants germinated, but stopped growing shortly after germination. The third method, adding a spoonful of each magnesium salt to the soil, produced high chlorophyll levels. The chlorophyll content in all plants enriched with the magnesium salts was increased and in the cucumber plants the magnesium nitrate also changed the ratio of chlorophyll peaks in the spectrum.

Differences in Populations of Tegula fasciata

The purpose of this research was to determine differences in characteristics of shells of the same species, Tegula fasciata. The width, height, spiral pattern, size and color of two populations were examined. The height and width were compared using t-tests. It was found that population two was significantly smaller than population one. With these two populations as an example, it was seen that there might be significant differences within the same species with regard to these dimensions.

Health and Quality of Rice Seeds

All the 20 seed samples of rice collected from Tangail district of Bangladesh were of extremely poor quality showing germination ranging between 60-77% (average 66%). All samples contained many discoloured and spotted seeds. When these seeds were removed manually, the clean seeds (non-spotted or discoloured seeds) showed a remarkable increase in germination, from 82-93% (average 87). The discoloured and spotted seeds were infested by fungi such as Alternaria padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae. Removal of spotted and discoloured seeds will help to increase grain yield, improve seed quality and, if practised regularly, reduce entry of disease producing organisms in the soil resulting in improved sanitary condition and low disease pressure.

CHEMISTRY

Protection of Hair Surface With a Quaternized UV Filter

The use of UV filters is highly documented in the cosmetic industry to fight against UV damage to the hair. This has lead to the creation of different types of UV filters that have absorption in the UV-B and UV-A ranges. This experiment is going to investigate the importance of substantivity (adhering) of these products when delivered from a shampoo base and how this can help to improve the damage surface of the hair. Due to the findings that water inside the hair fiber is a necessary prerequisite to photooxidation (light induced generation of negative sites) or photobleaching (light induced bleaching) of the hair during UV exposure, the experiment will also focus on the hydrophobicity (fear of water) of the hair. Experiment will focus on the hydrophobicity of the hair by way of contact angle measurement. Substantivity is a very important step in ensuring that products or active compounds are absorbed onto the substrates, this is the first step in showing the presence of an active on a substrate for a specific function.

The Effects of Hydrangea macrophylla Petal Juice on Diluted Acids and Bases

The purpose of this research was to determine if the juice from petals of Hydrangea macrophylla could be used as a pH indicator similar to litmus paper. Serial dilutions of both blue and red hydrangea petal juice were tested on clear serial dilutions of vinegar (and acid) and detergent (a base). Results showed no apparent reactions occurred with the blue hydrangea petal juice but shades of green color appeared in the 0.1 and 1.0 dilutions of red hydrangea juice and several of the serial dilutions of detergent. It was found that obvious reactions in color change could not be clearly determined.

Kinetic Study of the Chromium EDTA Reaction

The purpopse of this project was to study the reaction of chromium with acidified EDTA in order to determine the rate equation. The rate of this reaction can be determined by using a visible spectrophotmenter becuase both reactants and the products have a distinct color. Three problems arose which made it difficult to gather useful data. First, the wavelengths of chromium 3+ ion and the chromium EDTA complex had similar absorbances, so as the reaction preceeded, they interfered with each other. There second problem was that the reaction was very slow. The third problem was that at higher concentrations a precipitate formed, lowering absorbance readings. Three methods were used to gather data. The first involved monitoring the decrease of chromium. This method yeilded no useable results. In the second method, we measured the formation of the EDTA complex by running four reactions; one control reaction and three other reactions, doubling different reactants in each trial. This method gave mixed results. The first set of data was almost perfect, but when repeated, it gave different results. In the third method one reactant was changed at a time, doubling and quadrupiling the concetration. This method was repeated for each reactant. At low concetrations this method yeilded the best results. We found the chromium and hydrogen ions to be first order and the EDTA to be zero order.

Combinatorial Synthesis of Anti-bacterial Hydrazone Compounds

A common organic reaction is the formation of hydrazones from aldehydes and hydrazines. Certain hydrazones are known to exhibit anti-bacterial activity. Combinatorial chemistry is a widespread technique used to synthesize a library of compounds and screen for a desired property. Instead of synthesizing and screening one compound at a time, compounds are synthesized and screened more efficiently in mixtures called sub-libraries. In this project, combinatorial chemistry was employed to synthesize twenty different hydrazones from five aldehydes and four hydrazines, requiring a total of nine sub-libraries. These nine sub-libraries were screened for anti-bacterial activity against $E.$ $coli$. Through deconvolution, two of the twenty hydrazone products were found to exhibit anti-bacterial activity: guanofuracin (produced from 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde and aminoguanidine bicarbonate) and nitrofurazone (produced from 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde and semicarbazide hydrochloride). By comparing the two anti-bacterial hydrazones to the eighteen others, certain structural requirements for anti-bacterial activity were deduced. Both guanofuracin and nitrofurazone were made from 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde; hydrazones made from similar aldehydes, such as 5-chloro-2-furaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde, were not anti-bacterial. In addition, hydrazones made from halide-substituted phenylhydrazines were not anti-bacterial. Finally, the nitrofurazone formation reaction was characterized using ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopy. This research suggests several avenues for further study: the spectroscopic characterization of guanofuracin formation, a kinetics analysis of both nitrofurazone and guanofuracin formation, and further combinatorial syntheses of potentially anti-bacterial hydrazones using different aldehydes and hydrazines.

ENVIRONMENTAL and EARTH SCIENCE

The Effectiveness of Common Filter Mediums for the Removal of Aspirin from Drinking Water

The purpose of this research was to test the effectiveness of common filter mediums for the removal of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) from drinking water. Three concentrations of aspirin were dissolved in distilled water and then passed through five different filters. For the 81 mg concentration, the paint strainer and marble chips removed most aspirin. With the 325 mg dose, the paint strainer, marble chips, cheesecloth and cotton balls proved to be effective. For the 500 mg, the paint strainer, marble chips, mesh bag and cotton balls worked best. It was found that aspirin could be removed by common filter mediums. However, the differences in pH levels used to determine the presence of the acid were not significantly different as indicated by t-test results.

Natural Prevention of Soil Erosion in Undeveloped Sites

Soil erosion prevention and sediment control are problems on many construction sites. By stabilizing bare soil, the effects and dangers can be minimized. This research dealt with various methods of said stabilization. Several species of moss and grass were tested in an artificial setting to simulate the conditions of an undeveloped construction site with personally-constructed apparatuses. Experimentation showed that fern moss resulted in the highest level of soil retention under the given conditions. With a large-scale application of these findings, new levels of sediment control can be obtained.

The Role of Hormesis in the Toxicology of Copper in Rotifers

Hormesis is a documented phenomenon in which exposure to toxins in low doses is more beneficial to organisms than no exposure to toxin at all. However, the EPA disregards the effects of hormesis when establishing allowable limits of toxins in the water supply. Furthermore, it has been speculated that a correlation exists between hormesis and stress proteins, which are alternatively folded versions of existing proteins or a set of novel proteins acting as transcription factors. This study investigates the role of hormesis in toxicity evaluations that set allowable limits of toxins in water. By observing the survival rate of P. roseola rotifers (aquatic, multicellular invertebrate animals) when exposed to several doses of copper (a toxin known to induce stress proteins in rotifers), the role of stress protein and hormesis in copper toxicity evaluations could be elucidated. It was hypothesized that rotifers exposed to low dosages of the toxin, copper, would have a higher survival rate to heat shock than those unexposed. The data clearly supports the hypothesis and a hormetic dose response curve was obtained. Rotifers exposed to copper concentrations ranging from 25 ppb to 1 ppm had a higher survival rate to the lethal dose of heat than the rotifers exposed to no copper at all. These finding suggest that the EPA should reevaluate current allowable limits by taking hormesis into consideration.

Accuracy of the Ten-day Weather Forecast for Flemington, NJ

The purpose of this research was to analyze the accuracy of weather predictions for temperature and precipitation for ten days prior to a specific day. The ten-day forecast was recorded every day for eight months. Temperature and precipitation ten days and five days before the target day were also recorded. T-tests showed a significant difference in June and July when the actual temperature was compared with the ten-day prediction while September data showed a significant difference in the predicted precipitation. It can be said that a pattern of accuracy in the ten-day forecasts could not be determined with certainty.

The cytotoxic effect of the herbicide, 2,4-D on cancer and normal cells in vitro.

The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether or not excessive 2,4-D, a common herbicide found in soil and runoff, will effect the proliferation rates of rat lymphoblastoid leukemic cells and to observe if there are any chromosomal aberrations arising as a result of the 2,4-D. Varying concentrations of the herbicide were applied to the cultures (0 ppm, 15 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm). The allowable levels of 2,4-D in drinking water are 70 ppb and the allowable level of water for irrigation is 100 ppb. It is hypothesized that exposure to the 2,4-D will result in a significant decrease in the mitotic rate of the cultured cells when compared to the control. It is also hypothesized that aberration studies will yield significant results.

Bioremediation of Oil Spills

The purpose of this project was to look at the aspect of depth related to the ability of nutrients to reach bacteria, and to observe how different substrates react to nutrients. Three different environments were set up using sand, crushed coral, and gravel. Oil, bacteria, and water were combined into each of these substances. Four glass rods, with holes, were placed evenly into three long beakers, at various depths; then the mixtures were poured in. Nutrients were added to the top of each beaker. Pipettes were used to take liquid samples from each of the depths. The growth of the bacteria was measured, using a spectrophotometer; the data was collected hourly and analyzed. No enormous difference was detected in the depths or the substrates. This information will aid in the process of bioremediation, and could be used to find advanced methods of sanitizing oil spills.

Earthquakes and Building Structures

Earthquakes and Building Structures The purpose of this experiment is to design an earthquake proof building. I found that if strong, lightweight, moveable, flexible and shock absorbent materials are used in the construction of buildings, they might be able to better withstand the shock of an earthquake. The prototype building that I designed combines a connected frame that allows for movement, a container foundation with marbles to aid in smooth rolling motion of the building during the earthquake, support beams in the frame as well as in the interior of the building, and finally shock absorbing materials to make a building earthquake proof. All these are key factors in the construction of buildings that are designed to withstand an earthquake. Casey O’Brien Villa Walsh Academy Entry.162

"Affects of Hairdye on Daphnia"

Most people use hair dyes for cosmetic reasons, or to prevent age discrimination at work. Recent studies have shown, however, that darker hair dye colors are associated with a higher frequency of cancer. The purpose of our study was to use different colors of hair dyes ranging from dark brown to blonde. We tested these colors on Daphnia Magna, a small water flea that has a hearbeat, to determine if indeed there was a physiological difference.We determined that all of the dyes affected the Daphnia heartbeat, reducing their heartbeat more than half of the control. One of the medium color hair dyes did not affect the Daphnia as much as the other colors did.These results may be helpful for people to choose different hair dye colors that may be less harmful.

Comparison of Water Quality from Two Local Purification Plants

The purpose of this research was to determine if water quality from the Canal Road water purification plant was better than that of the Raritan-Millstone purification facility. Twenty-five samples were taken from homes serviced by each plant and tested for iron, hardness, pH and sulfite levels. The results of t-tests used to compare the levels showed that there was no significant difference in any of the substances investigated. It was found that there was no difference in the water quality from the two plants.

Does the Southern Mustard Plant have an Invasive Nature?

The garlic mustard plant has long been known for its invasive nature. The purpose of this project was to see if the southern mustard plant, another member of the mustard family, also has an invasive nature. After growing both southern mustard plants and Alaskan pea plants, the chlorophyll was extracted from both for comparison. Many invasive plants contain a natural herbicide or pesticide. If this is the case, it may be detected in the chlorophyll. The chlorophyll from both plants was extracted and run through both an infrared spectrophotometer and a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. Neither analysis showed any difference in the chlorophyll of the two plants. The mustard seeds were then extracted, and analyzed with both an IR and a HPLC. The HPLC revealed that the seed is a complex mixture of at least six different components and the IR indicated that the seed contained the acid sulfate ion. Finally, various seeds were planted, with mustard seeds spread on top of the soil to see if it inhibited the other plants. Plant growth was not inhibited by the presence of mustard seeds. Our results showed no evidence that the southern mustard seed plant has an invasive nature.

3-D Area in Applying the Theory of Island Biogeography to Microhabitats

Microhabitats that are functional islands should exhibit the same positive correlation between the number of species and geographic area as predicted for actual islands by the Theory of Island Biogeography. The flat area, three-dimensional area, height, 3D surface area, and the number of vascular plant species for 20 sphagnum hummock "islands" in Ocean count, NJ were investigated. Graphic and statistical analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between area and the nbumber of species ($r sup 2 = 0.696$) and between height and the number of species ($r sup 2 = 0.786$). A Simpson diversity index for each hummock revealed species diversity with a similar correlation to the number of species. 3D model construction showed that the 3D surface area was not significantly different than flat surface area. These positive results and the east of investigating such small microhabitat "islands" show promise for expanding these techniques for the testing of additional and controversial aspects of the Theory of Island Beigeography, which up untili now have not been undertaken because of logistical constraints posed by studying large geographic area.

Phytoaccumulation of Selenium-Laden Soils Using Mustard Plants

In small quantities, selenium is essential in most animals’ diets, but in larger quantities, it can be toxic. Certain activities have drastically increased the load of selenium being cycled through the environment. Mustard plants are capable of uptaking and storing selenium from soil by a process called phytoaccumulation. These plants grow most rapidly in the early days of their lifespan. Replacing crops of mustard plants at varying time periods has an effect on the amount of selenium removed from the soil. It was hypothesized that the mustard plants that were grown for the shortest period, and then replaced would remove the most selenium from the soil. Results showed that the plants with the shortest replacement periods removed the most selenium from the soil, while the plants with the longest replacement periods removed the least selenium from the soil. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups.

A study of the effects of insectsides on aquatic ecosystems

The purpose of this project was to study the reaction of chromium with acidified EDTA in order to find the rate equation. The rate of this reaction can be determined yb using a visible spectroiphotometer because both reactants and products have a distinct color. Three problems arose which made it difficult to gather useful data. First, the wavelengths of chromium +3 ion and the chromium EDTA complex had similar absorbances, so as the reaction proceeded, they interfered with each other. The second problem was that the reaction was very slow. The third problem was that at higher concentrations a precipitate formed, lowering the absorbance readings. Three methods were used to gather data. The first involved monitoring the decrease of chromium. This method yielded no usable results. In the second method, we measured the formation of the chromium EDTA complex by running four reactions, one control and three others doubling different reactants in each trial. This method gave mixed results. The first data set was almost perfect, but when repeated, it gave different results. In the third method, one reactant was changed at a time, doubling and quadrupling the concentration. This method was repeated for each reactant. At low concentrations this method yielded the best results. We found the chromium and hydrogen ions to be first order and the EDTA to be zero order.

The Effect of Rhizobium Leguminosarum on the Growth of Pea Plants

In this experiment, the effect of Rhizobium Leguminosarum and Calcium in Pea Plants was examined in several situations. The experiment contained four groups: the control group, the rhizobium group, the water group, and the calcium group. In all plants except for those in the control group, rhizobium leguminosarum was present. Sixty field pea seeds were inoculated with rhizobium inoculum, and placed into pots containing seed starting soil. Plants in the water group were given two cups of water every six hours. Plants in the calcium group were given this amount of water, as well as 2 mL of chelated liquid calcium. Height and number of leaves per plant was recorded daily for ten days.

ENGINEERING

The Most Effective Speaker Design

The main purpose of this research project is to determine the efficiency of electrostatic and magneplanar speaker designs as compared to the traditional tweeter, midrange, and woofer solenoid design. In examining the different characteristics of these speakers, the analysis will conclude which speakers have better physical properties in which aspects. The procedure for examining these properties is simple: by attaching each speaker design to a computer and analyzing its traits though a speaker examination program, values such as frequency output, frequency range, amplitude, driver impedance, passive components, transfer functions, driver acoustic response, harmonic distortion, and inter-modulation distortion can be determined. After these values are recorded, they will be the basis for the conclusion. This conclusion, which will state the physical advantages and disadvantages of both alternatives, will tell which speaker design has the most advantages, on a purely arbitrary level.

The Applications of Nitinol Memory Wire on Human Hand Prosthetics

The ability of NiTinol wire to contract at various voltages and at various thicknesses was investigated. It was determined that the contractile ability of the increased with both voltage and thickness, as well as when multiple wires were added. A prosthetic hand was built using groups of multiple Nitinol wires as actuators to close the fingers.

Voice Activated Life (VAL)

VAL uses x10 devices, an x10 module, an interface card, house hold appliances, and a Visual Basic program to control these entire components. Household appliances are plugged into the x10 devices that are plugged into the electrical outlets of the house. The x10 module is linked to the interface card; it is also plugged into an electrical outlet. Through the computer’s serial port, the interface card communicates with the computer. This project functions when the Visual Basic program receives the voice command (for example, “lights on”), it communicates through the interface card to the x10 module. Then the x10 module, using the electrical wiring of the house, commands the x10 device that is attached to the particular household appliance enabling the appliances to be turned on or off with voice command.

Optimizing Utilities in an Industrial Building: An Engineering Analysis

The primary goal of the project was to identify and analyze the most efficient methods of building construction and implementation of utilities (i.e. heating, cooling, electricity, etc.). The question being addressed is: How should a building be constructed in order to optimize usage of utilities in the most efficient way possible? We focused on minimizing long-term operating costs, not initial costs. To accomplish this, we performed a case study on industrial facilities at Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, NJ as part of a year-long internship. We did extensive research on the utility systems in use at several buildings located there, with the help of several members of the project engineering team. Using price comparison calculations and first-hand information on utility systems we drew several conclusions about efficient implementation of these utilities. The project in its present form consists of data, diagrams, photos, sample materials, and a three-dimensional model as evidence to support our conclusions.

Mapping Robot

A unique terrain mapping robot is designed. It probes its environment with a mounted sonar detector and scans for nearby objects. The coordinates will be relayed to a computer via an RF wireless module, which will interpret the data using a Visual Basic program. The program plots the coordinates it receives on the screen and tries to assemble a map of the robot’s environment. On the robot there are two microcontrollers, a PIC and a Basic Stamp, which control the robot’s action. The PIC is dedicated to interfacing the stamp to the motors. The stamp is what really controls the robot. It sends commands to the PIC via MilCOMM, a specially designed protocol for this purpose. The stamp also gets the length of the sonar pulse and transmits it to the computer along with the robot’s position and angle the sonar sensor is pointing. The program receives the data and using trigonometry, determines where the robot detects the object. On the screen a map of these objects is displayed. Then an algorithm will be applied to the set of data points to find the convex hull, which will be a map of the room.

Computer Modeling and Simulation of Epidemic Outbreaks and Assessment of Control and Intervention Measures

With the threat of smallpox bioterrorism, health officials face the decision of when to vaccinate the public (preemptive or post-release vaccination) and how the vaccination program should be delivered (mass or target vaccination). In this research project, a stochastic smallpox epidemic computer simulation model was constructed to address such public health issues concerning vaccination policies. The decision support tool developed incorporated realistic virus infection patterns, human social networking/connectivity, and metropolitan spatial/demographic characteristics to predict the outbreak intensities regarding various epidemic intervention scenarios. Original finite-state and graph theory modeling techniques were combined on a visual computer simulation platform to depict disease propagation through ‘chance encountering’ and ‘social connectivity’. Results of the simulation were evaluated using statistical correlation analysis, testing hypothesis, and regression modeling, and aided in the construction of an epidemic risk model that assessed a city’s vulnerability to a smallpox epidemic.

Pressurized Air Engine

The topic addressed in this project is pressurized air engines. The question being addressed is how a pressurized air engine works and what the effect is of a change in the air pressure. My hypothesis is that an increase in the air pressure will cause the engine to produce more power and run at a higher RPM. The engineering goal that I accomplished was to build an engine that runs on pressurized air. This engine was tested and the data on power and RPM were recorded. This data was analyzed to determine trends in power and motor performance.

Testing of LISST-100 for Accurate Sediment Size and Concentration Measurements

In water, pollutants bond to fine particles. The pollutants bond in greater concentrations in areas of more particles. In order to determine where these concentrations lie, the LISST-ST, a suspended sediment measuring device is necessary. In past experiments, the LISST-ST had been successful in correctly reading suspended sediment size and concentration. However, even with the successful data collections, there were cases when the LISST-ST wasn’t always precise. Improvements in the LISST-ST’s calibration are still needed for more accurate measurements. It was hypothesized that with the new calibration constant the measurements would be more accurate. The two LISST-STs were placed inside a mixing tank filled with water. When ordered, a specified amount and type of sediment was poured into the tank. The data was then collected by the LISST-STs and analyzed using least squares. For each test, the results were found to be significant at the 0.05 level of significance. With an increase in the LISST-STs’ accuracy, researchers will be able to more accurately determine the highly polluted areas of water in which dredging must occur.

The Effect of Wing Style on Lift and Drag

The question I plan to address is what are the drag effects of different wing-styles (planforms= straight, sweep-back, and forward)? I hypothesize that the swept back wings will create less drag and less lift, with straight wings being in the middle, and forward wings creating the most lift and drag. I must engineer the 3 wings with approximately the same camber angle so that this does not influence the wing’s lift and drag. I must also create a proper measuring device for both lift and drag. I propose to suspend the wing by delicate springs to have them indicate the forces with deflections in the springs. A wind tunnel will be created to house the entire experiment which will be large enough to accommodate the 1’ wings (wingspan dimensions). The source or power will be a hair dryer and leaf-blower to test the wings at different speeds, because through my background research I have found that the wings perform differently at different speeds. I propose to compose my wings of a light Styrofoam or if this is not available use a balsa wood design. Either way the wings will be put through the tunnel and a measuring stick will be displayed next to the springs to see how much they deflect by.

The Effects of Slope and Frontal Height on a Pinewood Derby Racing Car

The purpose of this research was to determine if the height and sloped versus perpendicular wedge height of as pinewood derby car would affect its speed. Pinewood derby cars with foam insulation wedges with heights of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 inches were sent down a track ten times each with both a sloped and a perpendicular side facing forward. T-tests showed that both the perpendicular and sloped frontal areas significantly affected the speed while ANOVA results showed that the height of the frontal area did not affect speed. So, it was found that a sloped and perpendicular frontal area affects a pinewood derby car’s speed but the wedge height showed no effect.

Experiments on Radio

The first experimental transmission of wireless signals was carried out by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895. The mechanism of radio circuits have progressed through the years and is now used in various areas of life such as radio signaling in ships, FM and AM radio broadcasting, and other forms of communication. My objective was to build a simple radio using an off-the-shelf amplifier. A simple transmitter was also built to test our radio. A tuning capacitor was connected so the radio circuit would receive just one specific wave frequency. A long wire antenna was connected to a common LM 386 Audio amplifier because an aerial antenna is needed to receive the transmitter¡¯s radio waves out of the air. The radio signals which interfere with the antenna is amplified and connected to the speaker. The radio was tested to see if it picked up signals from the transmitter.

The Structural Strength of Atlantic Surf Clam Shells

The purpose of this research was to determine whether the pyramidal structure of the Atlantic Surf Clam affected the amount of weight it was able to withstand before breaking. The height and base of the shells was measured. Each shell was placed on a wooden platform while weights were added to the weight bearing apparatus until breakage occurred. It was found that the shells with the greatest height to base ratio were able to withstand the greatest weights.

Biometric Environment Control

The body feels cold because of the reduced rates of discharge of the heat-sensitive neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. However, by the time the internal body temperature has decreased a few tenths of a degree below normal, the neurons have become completely inactive. Thus, the body relies on their cold receptors on the skin as well as in the spinal cord. The “cold” sensation comes from signals from the skin that gives the person a psychic sensation of cold discomfort. My objective was to create a wireless device that would measure and record the skin temperature. Once the temperature hit a certain degree, it would automatically signal the air conditioner to turn on or off. First, I had to see how my skin temperature reacted while I was sleeping. My skin temperature started low (28º C) when my arm was placed outside the blanket, and continued to rise until it reached certain temperature 35º C when my arm was placed inside the blanket. The temperature remained at that temperature until I woke up instead of decreasing. At this temperature, my body began to feel uncomfortable. In order to achieve my objective, a device called an Infrared Thermometer Module, manufactured by Melexis was used to detect the skin temperature. The Melexis unit sent a pulse, which has the duration proportional to the temperature that the unit was taking. The microcontroller, which was connected to the unit, measured and calculated the pulse that was transmitted. Using a program, the microcontroller sent the calculated information to the air conditioner which either turned on or off depending on the skin temperature.

Aerodynamic Model

The purpose of this project was to design, fabricate, and test a model airplane using specified materials. To do this, I first researched airfoils that are used in today’s airplanes. After finding an airfoil that would give optimum lift and stability, I made a sketch of how the plane would look. Using balsa wood, I made a small model of the airplane to correct any problems or difficulties I might have later. I then decided on the materials that I would use. Once all of the materials where acquired, fabrication began. After some time, I was able to run my first test flight.

Robot Control via a Serial Interface

The purpose of this project was to create a multipurpose, versatile, and programmable robotic arm for prototyping and educational purposes. The arm consists of Fishertechnik blocks and Hitec HS 300 servo motors that are connected to a board composed of a PIC16F877 microprocessor and an external 24LC32A EEPROM. User interface to the robotic arm, programmed in Visual Basic, communicates to the microprocessor via the serial port. Robotic commands were designed as to contain the identification of the operating servo motor and the position to which it should turn. An example of a robotic command is "a050". These robotic commands may be accessed, stored, or deleted using the interface. A data structure was also designed as to facilitate the storing of commands. The string of data "f100a050F" would be located at an address of 100 - an internally defined address - and store a command "a050". Considering the low cost, this project delivered desirable versatility and functionality.

MICROBIOLOGY

Population Growth of Bacillus subtilis Subjected to Varying Organic Natural Fertilizer Concentrations

When goose feces are deposited into the soil, microorganisms break them down. The purpose of the experiment was to determine if Bacillus subtilis, a bacteria found in soil, would show a greater growth rate in broth solutions containing different concentrations of goose feces. Fecal deposits from Canada Geese were collected. Three separate solutions of nutrient broth, control, 5%, and 10% goose feces, were made and autoclaved. The solutions were inoculated with laboratory culture B. subtilis with aseptic techniques and placed into the incubator. The preparations were analyzed for percent transmittance at 72 hours. Anova statistical analysis of transmittance data from three replications showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the broths. No linear trend was present, but fecal broth solutions, high nitrogen content, showed significantly less transmittance than controls. Hence, greater bacterial growth occurred with the fecal broths.

The Effect of Human and Canine Saliva on Various Cultures

The purpose of this project was to observe the effects of canine and human saliva on various cultures, or bacteria colonies. Seven cultures where grown using the flaming method, in which a flamed inoculating loop is inserted into the tubes of bacteria, and then streaked on petri dishes, which were coated with a nutrient agar medium. Two copies were made of each of the seven cultures, totaling fourteen petri dishes in all. The two copies were made as to observe the effects of adding canine saliva to one, and human saliva to another, and comparing the results on the same bacteria side by side. The bacteria grew while the petri dishes were in an incubator at 98 degrees Fahrenheit, for twenty-four hours. The saliva was collected on a sterile cotton swab, then the soaked head was dabbed on the middle of each bacteria colony. After being placed back in the incubator for twenty-four hours, the dishes were removed and the zone of inhibition made by the saliva was measured, using a millimeter ruler. This research may prove beneficial to the advancement of various alternative medications

Battle of the Flavonoid:who Will Win in the Battle Against Cancer

Flavonoids are chemical compounds found in the skin and seeds of citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, etc.). These flavonoids compounds have diverse benefits to human health, highly due to the flavonoid's anti-oxidant activities. Flavonoids are known to help in reducing or limiting the possible development of certain cancers, such as the liver, skin, breast, lung, etc. (Kandaswami et al. 1986). Cancers are found as abnormalities in the cell cycle, in which the cell does not stop reproducing. Flavonoids have also shown activities of being anti-viral, anti-allergic ,anti-inflammatory ,and anti-tumor. The purpose of this investigation was to extract flavonoids from grapefruits. Then using a fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which is a temperature sensitive yeast that is unable to divide at 35 degrees Celsius whereas at 26 degrees Celsius it can divide. This yeast also has a mutation in its cell cycle that is repariable with human cDNA. During the course of this experimentation the yeast was treated with flavonoids from the grapefruits to determine the effects the flavonoids would have in the repair of cell division. Results have shown that within comparison of the mutated treated flavonoids with that of the normal yeast cells, it shows that flavonoids have the ability to repair the cell division cycle at 26 degrees Celsius and permitted cell growth and division at 35 degrees Celsius.

The Susceptibility of Escherichia coli at Various Temperatures

Escherichia coli bacteria are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of animals. A dangerous strain of the bacteria, E. coli 0157:H7 produces a powerful toxin that can cause severe infection and illness. The bacteria live well under body temperatures of 37 degrees Celsius. However, due to biological rhythms and illnesses, body temperatures fluctuate. E. coli may become more or less susceptible at various temperatures. It was hypothesized that any change in temperature above or below 37 degrees Celsius would cause a change in the proliferation of the E. coli. The bacteria was grown for three days and then split into three groups of six. Each group was placed into incubators set to temperatures of 37º C, 33.9º C, and 40º C. The amount of bacteria in each petri dish was recorded daily. Results indicated that there were not statistically significant differences between the groups, thus the hypothesis was not supported.

Does goose fecal concentration affect E.coli growth?

Canadian goose(Canadensis brasilensis) feces were collected, mixed with nutrient broth, dispensed into test tubes of 0%,5%, and 10% fecal concentration and sterilized. The tubes were inoculated with laboratory stock E.coli. Spectrophotometer transmission readings at 686nm were read at 48, 52,67, 72 hours incubation. Preliminary ANOVA analysis determined that lab E.coli growth is enhanced by 5% goose feces concentration up to 72 hours. Results are pending replication. Wild isolate E.coli testing is pending culture isolation.

Ultra Violet Light and Its effect on the DNA

Ultraviolet light causes harmful effects on DNA. The purpose of this experiment is to show that the Ultraviolet light affects the cell cycle. Cancer cells are abnormal cells, which have mutated during the cell cycle and can no longer, control their growth patterns. The cells we are testing for this experiment are a special species of mutant yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). This yeast is unable to grow at 35 degrees Celsius; however it can grow at 26 degrees. This yeast parallels cancer cells because in a previous study the yeast was infused with human cell division cDNA and its mutation was cured. This shows that the gene for cell division cycle (CDC genes) is identical in both yeast and human cells. Our results show that UV Light initiates a two-day delay on cell division growth compared to the control.

Differences in bacterial transfer between wooden and plastic cutting boards

Blocks from plastic and wooden cutting boards, both scored with a knife and un-scored, were exposed to an E. coli suspension of 2.6 x 10 6 cfu/ml for fifteen minutes at room temperature. The blocks were removed from the E. coli suspension, drained for five minutes, and put into individual capped bottles containing 400 ml of a 0.8% saline solution. The bottles were shaken and then titered for E. coli by spreading onto LB Agar plates. Scored wooden blocks transferred ~ 100-fold more cfu/ml to the bottle solution than the un-scored wooden blocks, the scored plastic blocks, or the un-scored plastic blocks. This suggests that plastic cutting boards may transfer less bacteria to their surroundings compared to wooden cutting boards.

Laser and its Effect on Cancer

Studies have shown that exposing cells to different light can enhance DNA replication and increase cellular energy. One type of light that has a positive effect on cells is laser light. Our experiment has treated abnormal yeast cells with laser light and documented the effects on the yeast's cell cycle. This same type of laser light may also have positive effects when applied to cancer cells. Cancer cells are abnormal cells, which have mutated during the cell cycle and can no longer control their growth patterns. The cells we tested were a special species of mutant yeast. This yeast also has a mutation in its cell cycle, and more importantly in its cdc(cell division cycle) gene which is identical to the gene in humans that controls cell division. Our results have shown that the laser light does garner more growth than cells that have not been treated wit light. These positive effects can be seen even in conditions where the cells would not normally grow.

The Effects of Aqueous Extract Salvadora persica and Azardichta indica on Streptococci mutans and Streptoccocus Sanguis in Comparison vs. Toothpaste.

Throughout ancient times even until today chewing sticks, which come from various roots and branches of trees, are used on oral health in many countries around the world. The aim of this study is to measure the antibacterial effectiveness of two different chewing sticks grown and used in the Middle East and in Indian subcontinent. The sticks used are Salvadora persica and Azadarichta indica. The two sticks are compared to a basic toothpaste containing all the necessary ingredients to kill off dental plaque and bacteria within the mouth. The effectiveness of the sticks is measured through its ability to inhibit periodontal bacteria that causes tooth decay and other oral problems. Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans are known to be the most prevailing bacteria causing dental plaque and other periodontal problems. The chewing sticks, which are known to possess antibacterial activity, should eliminate most of the bacteria, and will have a greater significant zone of inhibition in comparison to toothpaste.

MATHEMATICS and COMPUTERS

Audio and telecomunications device combination

Objectives Combine an AM/FM radio, as Discman, a cell phone and a digital camera Make the device portable Tasks and Learning Activities Find parts with similar functions Attempt to have devices share certain parts to save space Find a way for the cell phone to bypass the other functions while ringing Find a suitable power source [Lithium Rechargeable or AA] Resources Discman with AM/FM radio Cell phone Soldering tools Possible motherboards Predicted Outcomes Devices will be compatible to share devices Device may be larger than expected but still portable Assessment Does it work? How were the devices combined? How compact/portable is it? How do you switch between functions? How do you talk on the phone?

The Ultimate Spam Killer

The purpose of my research was to alter the current email protocols so that every spam email would be identified and moved. Spam mail accounts for over 60% of all email sent across the internet. A normal email server was set up so I could determine some of the methods that spammers use. After determining these methods, I altered the server by adding impregnable authentication methods. The server was set up so that spam would be moved to a separate folder, while legitimate email remained in the inbox. I also developed a new "one-way" encryption method, based on MD5 algorithm, so that it is nearly impossible to send a fake email.

Dealer Rules and the Game of Blackjack

The purpose of this research was to determine if a blackjack dealer has a greater chance to win than the players because of the slight differences in the rules used for the dealer versus the player. One hundred twenty games of blackjack were played and the results recorded. The winning percentage for each participant was determined. Upon analysis with one-sample t-tests, it was found that the difference in winning percentages between the dealer and players was not significant. All the participants have a fairly equal chance to win.

Using Propositional Logic in Database Search Engines

The main goal of this project was to create computer algorithms using propositional logic as the base of their operation and to implement them into use with databases. The question being addressed was "Can an efficient database search algorithm be created using the principles of propositional logic?" In addressing this question, the suitability of propositional logic in computer algorithms was evaluated, and the efficiency of the new search algorithm was compared to the efficiency of already existing search methods. The procedure for this project consisted of two parts. Part 1 was the creation of a library of propositional logic functions in the PHP scripting language. This library included definitions for data types, as well as constructors, modifiers, and accessors. Functions were needed to display the proper output and to process and store the proper input. Part 1 culminated in the creation of the search algorithm, which relied on the data definitions and input/output functions. Part 2 was the testing of the search algorithm using the library of functions created in Part 1. The search algorithm was used to find various data sets from a MySQL database. The search algorithm's efficiency was then compared to that of the built-in search finctions of the MySQL database by measuring the run-time of the search from start to finish.

Testing, Evaluating and Implementing Enterprise Active Directory Auditing Software

There is currently no way to audit user access rights, permissions, and security information in an Active Directory environment without the use of third party software. Bindview’s BV-control is able to automatically scrutinize, audit, and report on the many critical aspects of a network directory. I have tested this by implementing BV-control in a simulated network environment complete with a pseudo server and client. Folders and files intended to simulate a real network environment were created and individual security rights and permissions were granted to pseudo employees. All rights and permissions were subsequently documented through the use of BV-control. User access rights and permissions were then saved into databases. To determine the feasibility of implementing BV-control in a real network environment, all folders and files were deleted and restored with the exception of security rights and permissions. BV-control was then used to restore all user access rights and permissions. I discovered that Bindview’s BV-control was in fact capable of auditing user access rights, permissions, and security information in an Active Directory environment.

Wireless Controller for MP3 Player

A wireless controller for playing Mp3 files on a computer was built. The software was developed in object-oriented Visual Basic using command buttons to represent real buttons, serial communication to represent the wireless communication, and so on. A two-way radio controller was used to remotely control the Mp3 player. The Mp3 player sends the information about the song currently playing to the wireless controller, and one can use the wireless controller to play, pause, browse for and select what song to be played.

Predicting the Unpredictable: A Study on Forecasting the Stock Market

The purpose of this project is to investigate ways to predict financial markets. The essential question address is, "What tool are needed to mathematically predict future trends, and do they work?" To do this, I analyzed 21 graphs of both indexes and stocks using common technical analysis techniques. These included simple 7, 12, 28, 49, 63, and 96-day moving averages, Bollinger bands (standard deviations), oscillators like relative strength and Stochastics, and graph patterns. In each example, I analyzed where the chart rose and fell with the respect to these tools. After this analysis of past movement, I went through two more examples: an index and a stock. I first analyzed them to see past momentum and to get a feel for the way it responds to certain indicators as I did for the first 21 examples. I then predicted what the graph might do in the short and the long run. These predictions are not yet confirmed. I found analyzing past movement and the repercussions of it was best done by using moving averages, the concept of divergence, and pivot violations. I used these techniques to make some final predictions.

2x2 Contingency Tables: Jackknife Analysis of Asymptotic and Exact Tests

For 2x2 contingency tables, the statistical test of independence examines whether two variables, each of which has two categories, are independent of one another or related. Researchers typically use the asymptotic chi-square test for large samples and Fisher’s exact test for small to moderate-sized samples. These tests routinely appear in journal articles in medicine, psychology, anthropology, economics, and many other fields. Because of issues with both the chi-square and Fisher’s test, I hypothesized that they should be augmented with jackknife evaluations to avoid erroneous conclusions. Jackknife techniques, based on leaving out or adding one observation at a time and recalculating the test statistic, were applied to 36 data sets with sample sizes between 100 and about 500. The primary variable of interest was the p-value, the probability that indicates whether the variables are independent or related. I developed guidelines for how to conduct a modified jackknife analysis in conjunction with the chi-square and Fisher’s tests. To simplify the analysis, I determined a mathematical procedure for finding the maximum p-value based on the modified jackknife with one or two additional calculations. The chi-square test led to an incorrect conclusion for 10 of the 36 data sets when judged against Fisher’s test; the jackknife evaluations were able to identify all 10 of these problems. Four medical journal examples are discussed in detail, one of which reported an incorrect conclusion based on only the chi-square test. Other data sets were found to warrant further study with larger samples to ensure stable results.

MEDICINE and HEALTH

The Effects of Stretching on Shoulder Muscles

The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of stretching on shoulder muscles and to find if stretching everyday in a five-day week was better for an athlete than stretching twice in the five-day period. Two groups of eight subjects each were examined over a period of five weeks. Both groups did the same stretches. Group A stretched every day in a five-day week but Group B did the stretches only for two days. Results showed that both groups gained increased flexibility with Group A surpassing Group B. it was thus found that stretching every day increases flexibility more than stretching only twice in a five-day week.

Effects of Non-diet and Diet Sodas on the Calcium Found in Eggshells

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if diet sodas cause less tooth decay than non-diet sodas. Twelve eggshells were placed upright in small glasses and sets of four shells were each dripped with 30ml.of Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Diet Coca-Cola or Diet Pepsi daily for one month. The four sodas all showed discoloration of the eggshells, with non-diet sodas showing greater discoloration. The non-diet sodas caused cracks, rotting and mold on the shell surface. The diet sodas made the shells brittle. The inner linings peeled and the pores of the shells became prominent. It was found that both diet and non-diet sodas caused decay on the eggshell. However, the non-diet sodas caused more visible decay than the diet sodas.

Bioavailability of New Iron Compounds

Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in the world today and the most common nutritional cause of anemia. This disorder is widespread and ranges from infants to adults all over the world. The effects of ID are mostly seen in developing countries. It has been found that the most beneficial way to fight ID is by the fortification of food. The iron compound used to currently fortify food is ferrous sulfate but this compound causes rancidity and coloring, leading to a search for a compound with higher bioavailibility. This experiment tested eight newly developed compounds in order to see is they had higher bioavailibility. Results show that one compound, Multiple Micronutrient Food Supplement, has a higher bioavailibility. In fact it is 38% more bioavailable than ferrous sulfate. Results also show that solubility of a compound cannot be used as a basis for bioavailability.

Do Social Relations Promote Smoking?

The purpose of this research was to determine if trends exist in the social influences of smokers and non-smokers. A survey of 307 persons over age 18 was conducted during the summer months on the beach and boardwalk in Seaside Heights, New Jersey in order to examine the smoking and non-smoking populations. Data collected shows that smoking is more prevalent among younger adults. Smokers identified friends, family members, spouses and/or parents as smokers more frequently that non-smokers did. Likewise, non-smokers identified more non- smokers in their relational circles. Thus it was found that a person’s social relations often influence smoking.

Plasma p53 Expression in French and Taiwan Vinyl Chloride Factory Workers

Vinyl chloride is a known human and animal carcinogen. Plasma mutant p53 protein has been associated with vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) exposure. The present epidemiological study utilizes the raw data from two previous studies conducted on the employees of a French and Taiwan vinyl chloride factory to further investigate the effect of VCM exposure. Factors such as exposure concentration and the effect of smoking and drinking were examined to determine their influence on mutant p53 expression. A comparison of raw data from each study was made to elucidate trends in the French and Taiwan populations. Results revealed a significantly higher exposure concentration in French workers than in Taiwan workers (p<0.05). There was also a significant relationship between exposure and p53 positive rate in the French and Taiwan workers. There was a notably higher prevalence of p53 positives found in the French workers than in Taiwan workers (34.7% vs 10.3%, p < 0.001). In the French control group, smoking was shown to exacerbate the incidence of mutant p53 expression (p<0.001). However, within the exposure group from the Taiwan and the French studies, smoking and drinking did not act synergistically with vinyl chloride to increase p53 positive expression. Within the present study, there is a possibility that statistical methodology, such as different cut off points for designating positive p53 expression, small sample size, or the effect of hormesis could have caused some of these statistically significant results. A further epidemiological investigation is warranted.

Can Tomato Plants Remove Aspirin from Ground Water

The purpose of this research was to determine if aspirin affects crickets and if tomato plants can filter aspirin from aspirin-water solutions. The lifespan of six crickets was recorded in each of three groups given tap water, aspirin-water solution and aspirin-water solution filtered through a tomato plant. The first results showed that crickets exposed to aspirin solutions had greater life spans. In another trial, those given the aspirin-water solution died before those given filtered and tap water. The null hypothesis was accepted and it was found that the technique of this experiment was not useful in determining whether aspirin affects crickets or if tomato plants absorb aspirin from water.

Speaking Asthma

The purpose of my project was to develop a device that assists asthmatic children in taking medication. The best possible function and setting for the device was researched by interviewing experts on asthma in the medical field and actual asthma sufferers. The device uses electronic speech technologies to produce audio feedback, which will assist the child in administering the medication independently or with minimal supervision. Commands were recorded onto the device to instruct in the basic medication doses. The project that was developed is only a prototype, and is symbolic of the more streamline product that could be developed with more advanced technologies.

The Effect of the Lunar Cycle on Birth Rates in NJ over a Five-Year Period

The purpose of this research was to determine if there is a correlation between the phases of the moon and childbirths. The number of births from 1977 to 2002 on each day of the full and new moons were obtained from the Central New Jersey maternal and Child Health Consortium (CNJMCHC) Regional Electronic Birth Certificate (EBC) Database. T-test results ( p = 0.6) showed that there was no significant difference between the number of births occurring during the full and new moons. So, it was concluded that the phases of the moon do not affect the number of childbirths

The Growth and Response of Bakers Yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) to Water Containing Resins Obtained from Polyethylene terephalate (PET) Water Bottles

Is drinking water in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles absolutely safe? the purpose of this study was to ascertain any possible health thread of drinking water in PET bottles by analyzing the growth response of yeast in water with and without PET resin. Yeast were grown in sterilized nutrient broths and nutrient broths treated with PET resin. Broths treated with PET resin were obtained by microwaving deionized water in PET bottles. Each experimental replication consisted of an inoculation of 18 test tubes simultaneously: 9 of Resin Broth and 9 of Control Broth. Using aseptic technique, yeast were transferred to both sets. Incubation periods lasted 120 h at 32\(deC. A spectrophotometer was used to measure % transmittance, and the results were recorded. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical technique was applied and calculated results showed significant differences in % transmittance between control and resin broth grown yeast (p<0.05), with resin groups showing greatr trnasmittance. a subsequent experiment involved incubating water in PET bottles at high heat, 49\(deC. ANOVA analysis did not show significant differeces in % transmittance between control and heated broth grown yeast (p>0.05).

Quantitative Difference of the Amount of Carbon Monoxide in Various Cigarettes

The purpose of this project was to inform the public about the risks one incurs when inhaling second-hand smoke, mainly those who are forced to be present around smoke over a long period of time. The second-hand smoke contains many toxins including a very poisonous gas, carbon monoxide, which has been known to be fatal to living organisms. Although many smokers know that inhaling cigarette smoke could affect the lungs and heart, many people are unaware about the dangers involved in the carbon monoxide that people are being exposed to. This experiment concentrated on the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) that certain brands of cigarettes emit while being lighted. By measuring the amount of carbon monoxide in parts per million (ppm) that each brand released over a period of time, one was able to determine if the levels of CO are safe or if there is cause for immediate concern for those who are forced to be exposed to the second-hand smoke every day. In order to measure the ppm of carbon monoxide that each cigarette emitted, a CO Probe was used to present accurate data. The data revealed that there is a noticeable difference, especially between light and filtered cigarettes compared to the regular and unfiltered ones. Two cigarette brands that stood out were the Camel regulars that stayed in the carbon monoxide range of 45ppm while Parliament lights stayed in the carbon monoxide range of 20ppm. Many other interesting aspects of these cigarettes, regarding the carbon monoxide, were discovered during this experiment too.

Water Absorbing Capability of Superabsorbent Polymers Under Artificial Stomach Conditions.

The ability of a polyacrylamide-polyvinyl acetate composite (PPC) to absorb water under simulated stomach conditions was tested. 1.5g was placed in the beakers containing 300mL of stomach components HCl, pepsin, and HCl+pepsin, and 100mL of trypsin, trypsin_pepsin, trypsin_HCl, and trypsin+pepsin+HCl. The control contained PPC and distilled water. Prior to and after the immersion in the test solution, the masses of the polymer samples were recorded. Afterwards, a t test comparison was performed on the PPC masses. Additional trials testing the ability to expand in pH 7.0 buffer were undertaken. Results indicated that HCl significantly reduced the ability of the polymer to absorb water and expand, while pepsin wid not significantly affect expansion. Buffer did not significantly affect the PPC expansion, either. The physical integrity of the PPC samples was not affected by any of the solutions tested. The properties of superabsorbent polymers may provide a safer alternative to gastric bypass surgery for individuals who suffer from obesity through intestion, and the feeling of fullness that the indigestible mass would provide.

The Effect of Cancer Treatments on MMPs in Cancer Cells

It has recently been found that matrix metalloproteinases are attributable to cancer metastasis. The gelatinase MMPs, MMP-2 and MMP-9, are particularly significant to cancer metastasis because of their ability to degrade collagen. Many substances have been discovered to have an inhibitory effect on the invasiveness of cancer cells. Therefore, it was hypothesized that various cancer treatments: lysine, hydrazine sulfate, taxol, licorice, isoliquiritigenin, and HMP would have an inhibitory effect on MMP-2 and MMP-9, and that higher concentrations would have a greater inhibitory effect. To test the effect of these treatments on the level of MMPs in colon cancer cells, a gelatin zymography was performed. The integrated density of the bands on the gel, which represented the level of MMP-2 and MMP-9, was measured. It was found that taxol, lysine and a combination of lysine and hydrazine sulfate had a significant inhibitory effect on the level of MMPs. Future research is needed to determine the mechanism of inhibition.

PHYSICS

The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Playability of a Tennis Ball

The purpose of this research was to determine if the playability of a tennis ball is affected by temperature and humidity levels of the ball’s storage location. Three tennis balls from three cans were each dropped nine times from a height of 100 inches in two sets of five-minute intervals. The three control tennis balls were each dropped nine times. Results showed that the cold set of balls lost playability in a single day but the heated/wet and the heated/dry balls stayed playable much longer (a week and two weeks, respectively). The control set remained playable for two weeks but degraded at a much slower rate. It was found that the heated/dry and control sets of tennis balls had the longest playability

The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Rebound Rate of a Baseball

The purpose of this research was to determine if temperature and humidity affect the rebound rate of a baseball. Baseballs were frozen, heated and exposed to 66% humidity for four and eight hours,respectively. They were then dropped 20 times from heights of 150, 180 and 210 cm. The rebound rate for each ball at each height was recorded, averaged and compared to the average rebound rate of a room temperature ball using t-tests. The results showed that the ball heated for four hours and the ball exposed to 66% humidity for four hours were not statistically different from the control ball. However, all other balls were significantly different from the control. It was found that exposure to extremes of temperature and humidity beyond four hours positively influences a baseball’s rebound rate.

Study on Nonlinear Perception of Ultrasonic Waves

The subject of our experiment is the nonlinear perception of ultrasonic waves by human beings. In order to prove that the perception of ultrasonic waves is nonlinear, two separate transducers were made to emit different ultrasonic waves. The result was an audible sound. This proved that the human perception of ultrasonic waves is nonlinear because a linear combination can not result in an audible sound. We further investigated the nature of the nonlinearity through various experiments. During these experiments, we adjusted the pathway between the source and the destination of the waves and the frequency of the waves. We observed the effect of those changes on an oscilloscope and on the human perception of the waves. Based on these observations, we concluded that the nonlinear perception of the waves originates within the human auditory system. Furthermore, we modeled the nonlinearity via the analysis of the data collected during experimentation.

Does the Size of A Driver Clubhead Affect the Travelling Distance of a Golf Ball

The purpose of this research was to determine if the size of the club head of a particular driver affects the distance a golf ball travels. Each of the six drivers was tested 30 consecutive times on the 8th hole of Raritan Valley Country Club, a distance of 434 yards. Data was taken for each of the three types of drivers. T-test results showed significant differences in the distance for the King Cobra (350 and 427) and Titleist (983E and 983K) drivers, while the Taylor Made (320 and 360) drivers did not show a significant difference. It was found that the size of the club head of a particular driver does not necessarily affect the distance a golf ball travels.

Remote Temperature Sensing

Many household fires, whether they are small or big, result from leaving the stove on for too long or forgetting to turn it off. The purpose of our project was to detect the status of the stove. The project will sense whether the stove is in use or not and alert the person when they decide to step out of the house; the alarm will be activated by the opening and closing movement of the door. The project involved the testing of various temperature sensors such as infrared sensors, thermocouples, thermistors, and chips. Through experimentation with each of these sensors, the thermocouple was found to have most accurate results as well as the least complications.

Rebound Velocity of a Softball Based on Surface Resistance

The purpose of this research was to determine if dry soil, damp soil, grass, rubber and asphalt had an effect on softball’s rebound velocity. A standard softball-pitching machine was placed on each surface and adjusted so that the softball landed 20, 15 and 10 meters respectively away from the machine. Data was collected separately for each distance using a tape measure and stopwatch. T-test results showed that there were significant differences in grass, damp soil and rubber but not in asphalt, dry soil and some comparisons of damp soil and rubber. It was found that grass had the greatest damping effect on a softball’s velocity.